Integrating the effects of multiple stressors and predicting their consequences for the
species' survival and distribution is an important problem in ecological physiology. This …

The rapid rate of current global climate change is having strong effects on many species
and, at least in some cases, is driving evolution, particularly when changes in conditions …

Plastics are persistent synthetic polymers that accumulate as waste in the marine
environment. Microplastic (MP) particles are derived from the breakdown of larger debris or …

Molecular ecology has moved beyond the use of a relatively small number of markers, often
noncoding, and it is now possible to use whole‐genome measures of gene expression with …

The relationship between genotype (which is inherited) and phenotype (the target of
selection) is mediated by environmental inputs on gene expression, trait development, and …

Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 lead to acidification of the ocean and alter seawater
carbonate chemistry, which can negatively impact calcifying organisms, including mollusks …

It is expected that by 2050 human population will exceed nine billion leading to increased
pressure on marine ecosystems. Therefore, it is conjectured various levels of ecosystem …

Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As
successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient …

Background Low salinity is one of the main factors limiting the distribution and survival of
marine species. As a euryhaline species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is considered …

Ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of atmospheric CO 2, is a threat to marine
biodiversity, potentially rivalling the threat imposed by rising temperatures in some marine …