Plants exist in close association with uncountable numbers of microorganisms around, on,
and within them. Some of these endophytically colonize plant roots. The colonization of roots …

Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates key processes relevant to seed germination, plant
development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress conditions such as …

Plants are constantly being challenged by aspiring pathogens, but disease is rare. Why?
Broadly, there are three reasons for pathogen failure. Either (1) the plant is unable to support …

Cells must respond to an array of environmental and developmental cues. The signaling
networks that have evolved to generate appropriate cellular responses are varied and are …

Stomatal pores, each surrounded by a pair of guard cells, regulate CO2 uptake and water
loss from leaves. Stomatal opening is driven by the accumulation of K+ salts and sugars in …

▪ Abstract Guard cells surround stomatal pores in the epidermis of plant leaves and stems.
Stomatal pore opening is essential for CO2 influx into leaves for photosynthetic carbon …

▪ Abstract The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in seed maturation and
germination, as well as in adaptation to abiotic environmental stresses. ABA promotes …

All living cells use a network of signal transduction pathways to conduct developmental
programs, obtain nutrients, control their metabolism, and cope with their environment. A …

Guard cells are located in the epidermis of plant leaves, and in pairs surround stomatal
pores. These control both the influx of CO2 as a raw material for photosynthesis and water …

In plant cells, the calcium ion is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger involved in
numerous signalling pathways. Variations in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+] cyt) …