Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by
a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene resulting in long stretches of …

Neuropeptides produce robust effects on behavior across species, and recent research has
benefited from advances in high-resolution techniques to investigate peptidergic …

Ketamine is used clinically as an anaesthetic and a fast-acting antidepressant, and
recreationally for its dissociative properties, raising concerns of addiction as a possible side …

Abstract µ-Opioid peptide receptor (MOPR) stimulation alters respiration, analgesia and
reward behaviour, and can induce substance abuse and overdose,–. Despite its evident …

Preclinical and clinical studies implicate endocannabinoids (eCBs) in fear extinction, but the
underlying neural circuit basis of these actions is unclear. Here, we employed in vivo …

Fast-acting neurotransmitters and slow, modulatory neuropeptides are co-released from
neurons in the central nervous system, albeit from distinct synaptic vesicles. The …

Sex differences in pain severity, response, and pathological susceptibility are widely
reported, but the neural mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes remain poorly …

Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity
can support positive reinforcement. However, a subset of VTA neurons co-release DA and …

Neurons produce and release neuropeptides to communicate with one another. Despite
their importance in brain function, circuit-based mechanisms of peptidergic transmission are …

Internal states drive survival behaviors, but their neural implementation is poorly understood.
Recently, we identified a line attractor in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) that …