In recent years, powerful genetic code reprogramming methods have emerged that allow
new functional components to be embedded into proteins as noncanonical amino acid …

With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

Photoisomerization of azobenzenes from their stable E isomer to the metastable Z state is
the basis of numerous applications of these molecules. However, this reaction typically …

Ultrafast spectroscopy techniques use sequences of ultrashort light pulses (with femto-to
attosecond durations) to study photoinduced dynamical processes in atoms, molecules …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

We present the first lasing results of SwissFEL, a hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) that
recently came into operation at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland. SwissFEL is a very …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest single family of cell surface receptors
encoded by the human genome and they play pivotal roles in co-ordinating cellular systems …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pum** and ensure …