Adult cortical areas consist of specialized cell types and circuits that support unique higher-
order cognitive functions. How this regional diversity develops from an initially uniform …

Neuroscientists have become used to a number of “facts” about the human brain: It has 100
billion neurons and 10-to 50-fold more glial cells; it is the largest-than-expected for its body …

To understand the emergence of human higher cognition, we must understand its biological
substrate—the cerebral cortex, which considers itself the crowning achievement of evolution …

The human brain has often been viewed as outstanding among mammalian brains: the most
cognitively able, the largest-than-expected from body size, endowed with an overdeveloped …

Cortical folding is a hallmark of many, but not all, mammalian brains. The degree of folding
increases with brain size across mammals, but at different scales between orders and …

The enlargement and species-specific elaboration of the cerebral neocortex during
evolution holds the secret to the mental abilities of humans; however, the genetic origin and …

Choosing the appropriate neuroimaging phenotype is critical to successfully identify genes
that influence brain structure or function. While neuroimaging methods provide numerous …

Comparative studies of the brain in mammals suggest that there are general architectural
principles governing its growth and evolutionary development. We are beginning to …

The past 40 years have witnessed extensive research on fractal structure and scale-free
dynamics in the brain. Although considerable progress has been made, a comprehensive …

Nervous systems are information processing networks that evolved by natural selection,
whereas very large scale integrated (VLSI) computer circuits have evolved by commercially …