While scientific advances have led to large-scale production and widespread distribution of
vaccines and antiviral drugs, viruses still remain a major cause of human diseases today …

The immune system of fish is very similar to vertebrates, although there are some important
differences. Fish are free-living organisms from the embryonic stage of life in their aquatic …

The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent
components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final …

Amphibian skin is directly exposed to different environments. Amphibians interact with
environmental factors including microorganisms, parasites, predators, and physical factors …

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were
used to examine the ultrastructural changes in bacteria induced by antimicrobial peptides …

Amphibian skin is a mucosal surface in direct and continuous contact with a microbially
diverse and laden aquatic and/or terrestrial environment. As such, frog skin is an important …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found widely distributed through Nature, and participate
in the innate host defense of each species. Fish are a great source of these peptides, as they …

The decline in the fisheries of traditional marine species has been an incentive for the
diversification of today's aquaculture sector into the intensive rearing of many finfish species …

The response of drosophila to bacterial and fungal infections involves two signaling
pathways, Toll and Imd, which both activate members of the transcription factor NF-κB family …

The emergence of new pathogens and multidrug resistant bacteria is an important public
health issue that requires the development of novel classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial …