The immune system is an organization of cells and molecules with specialized roles in
defending against infection. There are two fundamentally different types of responses to …

Interferon-gamma (IFN-c) is a cytokine that plays an important role in inducing and
modulating an array of immune responses. Cellular responses to IFN-c are mediated by its …

Background—Heart attacks and strokes, leading causes of deaths globally, arise from
thrombotic occlusion of ruptured vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques characterized by …

CD137 is a member of the TNFR-family with costimulatory function. Here we show that it
also has many favorable characteristics as a surrogate marker for antigen-specific activation …

The recognition of polarized T cell subsets defined by cytokine production was followed by a
search to define the factors controlling this phenomenon. Suitable in vitro systems allowed …

Destruction of the host intestinal epithelium by donor effector T cell populations is a hallmark
of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We …

CD8+ T cell depletion renders CD28-deficient mice susceptible to experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, CD8–/–CD28–/–double-knockout mice are susceptible …

Abstract IL-17-secreting CD8 T cells (Tc17) have been described in several settings, but little
is known regarding their functional characteristics. While Tc1 cells produced IFN-γ and …

Our understanding of the pathogenesis in human periodontal diseases is limited by the lack
of specific and sensitive tools or models to study the complex microbial challenges and their …

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc) play a central role in cellular immunity against cancers. The
cytotoxic potential of freshly isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is usually not …