As an anti-inflammatory alkaloid, nicotine plays dual roles in treating diseases. Here we
reviewed the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of nicotine on inflammatory …

Cigarette smoke (CS) poses a significant risk factor for respiratory, vascular, and organ
diseases owing to its high content of harmful chemicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that primarily
affects joints. The several mechanisms involved in the development of the disease are not …

Environmental agents have been gaining more attention in recent years for their role in the
pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Increasing evidence has linked environmental …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation
and subsequent proliferation of synovial tissues, which eventually leads to cartilage and …

Abstract Graves' orbitopathy (GO), the most severe manifestation of Graves' hyperthyroidism
(GH), is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorder, and treatments often exhibit a low …

Smoking continues to pose a global threat to morbidity and mortality in populations. The
detrimental impact of smoking on health and disease includes bone destruction and immune …

Cigarette smoking is the most prominent significant cause of death and morbidity. It is
recognised as a risk factor for a number of immune mediated, inflammatory diseases …

Survivin is a protein functionally important for cell division, apoptosis, and possibly, for micro-
RNA biogenesis. It is an established marker of malignant cell transformation. In non …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, pathologically characterized by
lymphocyte infiltration of the synovial membrane that leads to chronic inflammation and …