The electromechanical function of the heart involves complex, coordinated activity over time
and space. Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias arise from asynchrony in these space–time …

Although cardiac action potential (AP) generation and propagation have traditionally been
attributed exclusively to cardiomyocytes (CM), other cell types in the heart are also capable …

Brains depend on blood flow for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients essential for proper
neuronal and synaptic functioning. French physiologist Rouget was the first to describe …

Optogenetic techniques permit studies of excitable tissue through genetically expressed
light-gated microbial channels or pumps permitting transmembrane ion movement. Light …

During the last decade, optogenetics has emerged as a paradigm-shifting technique to
monitor and steer the behavior of specific cell types in excitable tissues, including the heart …

Optogenetics enables cell-type specific monitoring and actuation via light-activated proteins.
In cardiac research, expressing light-activated depolarising ion channels in cardiomyocytes …

Precise optogenetic control, ideally down to single cells in dense cell populations, is
essential in understanding the heterogeneity of cell networks. Devices with such capability, if …

Optogenetics is a cutting‐edge technology that merges light control and genetics to achieve
targeted control of tissue cells. Compared to traditional methods, optogenetics offers several …

Optogenetic approaches have evolved as potent means to investigate cardiac
electrophysiology, with research ranging from the study of arrhythmia mechanisms to effects …

Background Electrophysiological sensing of cardiomyocytes (CMs) in optogenetic
preparations applies various techniques, such as patch-clamp, microelectrode array, and …