The 2019-nCoV is officially called SARS-CoV-2 and the disease is named COVID-19. This
viral epidemic in China has led to the deaths of over 1800 people, mostly elderly or those …

Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases.
However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune …

Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, comprising single-stranded, positive-
sense RNA genome (+ ssRNA) of around 26 to 32 kilobases, and has been known to cause …

Abstract Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized
by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a …

Few human pathogens have been the focus of as much concentrated worldwide attention as
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19. Its …

A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is develo** an effective
vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective …

INTRODUCTION Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are rapidly deployed in response to
invading pathogens. By initiating a signaling cascade that stimulates the expression of …

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are zoonotic
pathogens that originated in wild animals. HCoVs have large genomes that encode a fixed …

To identify circulating proteins influencing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
susceptibility and severity, we undertook a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) …

Coronaviruses are pathogens with a serious impact on human and animal health. They
mostly cause enteric or respiratory disease, which can be severe and life threatening, eg, in …