Hyperactivation of the complement and coagulation systems is recognized as part of the
clinical syndrome of COVID-19. Here we review systemic complement activation and local …

The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 originates in the lungs, but it may extend to other
organs, causing, in severe cases, multiorgan damage, including cardiac injury and acute …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a prominent pandemic disease that
emerged in China and hurriedly stretched worldwide. There are many reports on COVID-19 …

Early recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is crucial for bacterial
clearance. Many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like (TLRs) and (NOD) …

Background The avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross species barriers and expand its host
range from birds to mammals, even humans. Avian influenza is characterized by …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus
called “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).” In the majority of …

Influenza virus infections cause a wide variety of outcomes, from mild disease to 3 to 5
million cases of severe illness and∼ 290,000 to 645,000 deaths annually worldwide. The …

Influenza has a long history of causing morbidity and mortality in the human population
through routine seasonal spread and global pandemics. The high mutation rate of the RNA …

The acute lung injury (ALI) that occurs after the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1
virus infection is associated with an abnormal host innate immune response. Because the …

Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The
virus's ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the …