Plant hormones are signalling compounds that regulate crucial aspects of growth,
development and environmental stress responses. Abiotic stresses, such as drought …

Abiotic stress is the adverse effect of any abiotic factor on a plant in a given environment,
impacting plants' growth and development. These stress factors, such as drought, salinity …

Plants cannot move, so they must endure abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and
extreme temperatures. These stressors greatly limit the distribution of plants, alter their …

Potassium, mostly as a cation (K+), together with calcium (Ca2+) are the most abundant
inorganic chemicals in plant cellular media, but they are rarely discussed. K+ is not a …

Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce
plant growth, productivity and quality. Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive these …

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone regulating plant growth, development,
and stress responses. It has an essential role in multiple physiological processes of plants …

The plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) plays an extremely important role in plant growth
and adaptive stress, including but are not limited to seed germination, stomatal closure …

The non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been proposed to be an
ancient messenger for cellular communication conserved across biological kingdoms. GABA …

Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water
transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land …