Background Many lower-limb exoskeletons have been developed to assist gait, exhibiting a
large range of control methods. The goal of this paper is to review and classify these control …

The basic routine movements for elderly people are not easily accessible due to the weak
muscles and impaired nerves in their lower extremity. In the last few years, many robotic …

Starting from the early research in the 1960s, especially in the last two decades, orthoses
and exoskeletons have been significantly developed. They are designed in different …

Exoskeleton technology has made significant advances during the last decade, resulting in
a considerable variety of solutions for gait assistance and rehabilitation. The mechanical …

Research into the development of the lower limb exoskeleton (LLE) has been on-going
since the 1960s. Although this field has long been explored, the technological progress has …

In recent years, surface electromyography (sEMG)-based human–computer interaction has
been developed to improve the quality of life for people. Gesture recognition based on the …

Robots were introduced in rehabilitation in the 90s to meet different needs, that is, reducing
the physical effort of therapists. This work consists of a meta‐analysis of robot‐mediated …

Robots operating in close contact with humans require actuators capable of accurately and
safely modulating the delivered torque. To this aim, rotary series elastic actuators are largely …

A safe interaction is crucial in wearable robotics in general, while in assistive and
rehabilitation applications, robots may also be required to minimally perturb physiological …

Neurological disorders and aging induce abnormal gait kinematics such as asymmetric gait,
reduced stride length, and walking speeds. Gait asymmetry increases musculoskeletal pain …