▪ Abstract Since the late 1980s, there has been an explosion of information on the molecular
mechanisms and functions of vitamin A. This review focuses on the essential role of vitamin …

Retinoid is a term for compounds that bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARα,
RARβ, and RARγ), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The most …

Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis is enhanced after hypoxia and that
erythropoietin (EPO), an inducible cytokine, is produced in the brain as part of the intrinsic …

In vertebrates, symmetricversus asymmetric cleavage of β-carotene in the biosynthesis of
vitamin A and its derivatives has been controversially discussed. Recently we have been …

Retinoic acid (RA), the active derivative of vitamin A, has been implicated in various steps of
cardiovascular development, but its contribution to early heart morphogenesis has not been …

Retinoids (natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A) signal potent differentiation and
growth-suppressive effects in diverse normal, premalignant, and malignant cells. A strong …

The active component of the acne drug Accutane is 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), and it is highly
teratogenic for the develo** central nervous system. Very little is known, however …

Retinoid acid, the bioactive metabolite of vitamin A, is a potent signaling molecule in the
brains of growing and adult animals, regulates numerous gene products, and modulates …

Retinoic acid (RA) is essential for both embryonic and adult growth, activating gene
transcription via specific nuclear receptors. It is generated, via a retinaldehyde intermediate …

The vitamin A metabolite, all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA) plays essential roles in nervous
system development, including neuronal patterning, survival, and neurite outgrowth. Our …