Ever since Akkermansia muciniphila was discovered and characterized two decades ago,
numerous studies have shown that the lack or decreased abundance of this commensal …

In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsing–
remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Dietary interventions have not been effective in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Here, we show that periodic 3-day cycles of a fasting mimicking diet (FMD) are effective in …

Metformin has been the mainstay of therapy for diabetes mellitus for many years; however,
the mechanistic aspects of metformin action remained ill-defined. Recent advances revealed …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive CD4+
T cells play an essential role. CD4+ T cells rely on glycolysis for inflammatory effector …

Cigarette smoke (CS) poses a significant risk factor for respiratory, vascular, and organ
diseases owing to its high content of harmful chemicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Metabolic changes in cells that participate in inflammation, such as activated macrophages
and T-helper 17 cells, include a shift towards enhanced glucose uptake, glycolysis and …

Activation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) by pro-inflammatory stimuli causes
them to undergo a metabolic switch towards glycolysis and away from oxidative …

The evolutionarily conserved kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) couples cell
growth and metabolism to environmental inputs in eukaryotes. T cells depend on mTOR …