Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Vaccination is still the most cost-effective way to combat infectious illnesses. Conventional
vaccinations may have low immunogenicity and, in most situations, only provide partial …

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people with no clear signs of abatement
owing to the high prevalence, long incubation period and lack of established treatments or …

The current global health threat by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires
an urgent deployment of advanced therapeutic options available. The role of …

Biological drugs are attracting tremendous attention in disease treatment. However, their
application is significantly limited by their inherent properties, such as high hydrophilicity …

Immunotherapy has recently garnered plenty of attention to improve the clinical outcomes in
the treatment of various diseases. However, owing to the dynamic nature of the immune …

There are strong biologic and preclinical rationales for the development of therapeutic
cancer vaccines; however, the clinical translation of this treatment strategy has been …

Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten
public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 …

The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan …

Nanotechnology is one of the most emerging fields of research within recent decades and is
based upon the exploitation of nano-sized materials (eg, nanoparticles, nanotubes …