Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to
tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Mutations play a fundamental role in the development of cancer, and many create targetable
vulnerabilities. There are both public health and basic science benefits from the …

RAS genes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer, but effective therapeutic
strategies to target RAS-mutant cancers have proved elusive. A key aspect of this challenge …

Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and RAS-extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(ERK) pathways play important roles in the tumorigenesis of many different types of cancer …

Early detection of metastasis can be aided by circulating tumor cells (CTC), which also show
potential to predict early relapse. Because of the limited CTC numbers in peripheral blood in …

The Ras superfamily of small GTPases are guanine‐nucleotide‐dependent switches
essential for numerous cellular processes. Mutations or dysregulation of these proteins are …

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with
more than 100 substrates and interacting molecules. GSK3β is normally active in cells and …

RAS is a signaling protein associated with the cell membrane that is mutated in up to 30% of
human cancers. RAS signaling has been proposed to be regulated by dynamic …

For decades, KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) have been refractory to
therapeutic strategies based on personalized medicine owing to the complexity of designing …