The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the
pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and …

Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

Measurement of pupil size (pupillometry) has recently gained renewed interest from
psychologists, but there is little agreement on how pupil-size data is best analyzed. Here we …

The pupillary light response is an important automatic physiological response which
optimizes light reaching the retina. Recent work has shown that the pupil also adjusts in …

The pupillary light response is often assumed to be a reflex that is not susceptible to
cognitive influences. In line with recent converging evidence, we show that this reflexive …

Changes in pupil diameter can reflect high-level cognitive signals that depend on central
neuromodulatory mechanisms. However, brain mechanisms that adjust pupil size are also …

Decisions are often made by accumulating ambiguous evidence over time. The brain's
arousal systems are activated during such decisions. In previous work in humans, we found …

The eye's pupils constrict (shrink) in brightness and dilate (expand) in darkness. The
pupillary light response was historically considered a low-level reflex without any cognitive …

The pupil of the eye provides a rich source of information for cognitive scientists, as it can
index a variety of bodily states (eg, arousal, fatigue) and cognitive processes (eg, attention …