Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune
system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines …

Fish harbour complex and dynamic microbiota in their mucosal surfaces. Due to the vital role
of commensal microbiota in many biological functions including growth enhancement …

Simple Summary Activities such as the digestion and absorption of feeds occur into the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which also serves to excrete waste products of digestion. These …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are mainly produced by microbiota through the fermentation
of carbohydrates in the intestine. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the most abundant …

Simple Summary Acidifiers such as lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and
citric acid are a class of feed supplements used in fish diets. Acidifiers play a role in the …

Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) farm industry in China suffered from huge
economic loss caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. Due to multi-antibiotic …

The pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which can recognize the conserved pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the bacteria, play key roles in the mucosal …

This study was performed to determine effects of dietary isoleucine (Ile) on growth
performance, and intestinal immunological and physical barrier function of hybrid catfish …

Mucosal immune system is one of the most important components in the innate immunity
and constitutes the front line of host defense against infection, especially for teleost, which …

The mucosal surfaces are important for teleost as they are directly and continuously
exposed to pathogen-rich aquatic environments. Scrutinization and recognition of the …