The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused
a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Across the globe, a subset of patients …

This review deals with emerging evidence of an association between systemic or local
hypoxia and inflammation in a variety of diseases. The evidence points to new ways of …

Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying
microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological …

HIF is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in the cellular response to low
oxygen, orchestrating a metabolic switch that allows cells to survive in this environment. In …

Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable
host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the …

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are stabilized during adverse inflammatory processes
associated with disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, pathogen infection and …

Macrophages are present throughout the human body, constitute important immune effector
cells, and have variable roles in a great number of pathological, but also physiological …

To elucidate the little-known bioenergetic pathways of host immune cells in tuberculosis, a
granulomatous disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis …

Staphylococcus aureus is able to survive within host cells by switching its phenotype to the
small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype. The emergence of SCVs is associated with the …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune cells, which represent 50% to
70% of the total circulating leukocytes. How PMNs adapt to various microenvironments …