The scope of this paper is to review approaches used for forced degradation (synonym,
stress testing) of therapeutic proteins. Forced degradation studies play a central role in the …

Dark days for diabetic patients were transformed into an era of hope when the therapeutic
usage of insulin was discovered. However, those initial glory days changed to being …

Disease-associated progression of protein dysfunction is typically determined by an
interplay of transition pathways leading to liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and …

Proteins under stressful conditions can lead to the formation of an ordered self-assembled
structure, referred to as amyloid fibrils, to which many neurodegenerative diseases such as …

Peptides are an increasingly important group of pharmaceuticals, positioned between
classic small organic molecules and larger bio-molecules such as proteins. Currently, the …

The thermodynamic hypothesis of protein folding, known as the “Anfinsen's dogma” states
that the native structure of a protein represents a free energy minimum determined by the …

Metamaterials can achieve superior electromagnetic properties over natural materials by
adjusting the structure of the meta-atoms. Chiral metamaterials have been widely used in …

Many proteins and peptides can form amyloid‐like structures both in vivo and in vitro.
Although strikingly similar fibrillar structures can be observed across a variety of amino acid …

Circular polarizers that selectively transmit only one handedness of circular polarization are
useful for imaging and wireless communications. Conventional circular polarizers involve …

Depending on external conditions, native proteins may change their structure and undergo
different association routes leading to a large scale polymorphism of the aggregates. This …