We summarize in this article the experiments which have been performed to test the
theoretical findings in stochastic thermodynamics such as fluctuation theorem, Jarzynski …

Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Enzymatic activity can induce
broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. This molecular scale breaking of detailed …

Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and generally involve a large
number of particles. We report the experimental realization of a single-atom heat engine. An …

For a small driven system coupled strongly to a heat bath, internal energy and exchanged
heat are identified such that they obey the usual additive form of the first law. By identifying …

The RNA pseudoknot that stimulates programmed ribosomal frameshifting in SARS-CoV-2
is a possible drug target. To understand how it responds to mechanical tension applied by …

The efficiency of an heat engine is traditionally defined as the ratio of its average output work
over its average input heat. Its highest possible value was discovered by Carnot in 1824 and …

Folding may be described conceptually in terms of trajectories over a landscape of free
energies corresponding to different molecular configurations. In practice, energy landscapes …

Full article: Martingales for physicists: a treatise on stochastic thermodynamics and beyond
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The use of force probes to induce unfolding and refolding of single molecules through the
application of mechanical tension, known as single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) …

Fluctuation theorems are a generalization of thermodynamics on small scales and provide
the tools to characterize the fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities in non-equilibrium …