Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation.
Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain …

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor and sensory dysfunction with
high disability and mortality. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted nano …

Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Endothelium (EC) is a key component of blood–brain barrier (BBB), and has an important
position in the neurovascular unit. Its dysfunction and death after cerebral …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous
system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common emotional cognitive disorder that seriously
affects people's physical and mental health and their quality of life. Due to its clinical and …

Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly
due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of …

When ischemic stroke occurs, oxygen and energy depletion triggers a cascade of events,
including inflammatory responses, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis …

Ischemic stroke (IS) caused by cerebral arterial occlusion is the leading cause of global
morbidity and mortality. Cellular oxidative stress and inflammation play a vital role in the …