Ketamine is an open channel blocker of ionotropic glutamatergic N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
(NMDA) receptors. The discovery of its rapid antidepressant effects in patients with …

Metabolic anomalies contribute to tissue dysfunction. Current metabolism research spans
from organelles to populations, and new technologies can accommodate investigation …

The enteric nervous system is largely autonomous, and the central nervous system is
compartmentalized behind the blood-brain barrier. Yet the intestinal microbiota shapes gut …

Currently, the only widely available metabolic imaging technique in the clinic is positron
emission tomography (PET) detection of the radioactive glucose analog 2-18F-fluoro-2 …

The major cell classes of the brain differ in their developmental processes, metabolism,
signaling, and function. To better understand the functions and interactions of the cell types …

Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence
indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and …

The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms
operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register …

Astrocytes play crucial roles in the brain and are involved in the neuroinflammatory
response. They become reactive in response to virtually all pathological situations in the …

This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of
clearances (CL, stated in µL g− 1 min− 1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of …

Neurons are metabolically handicapped in the sense that they are not able to perform de
novo synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glucose …