Whereas major insights into the neuronal basis of adaptive behavior have been gained from
the study of automatic behaviors, including reflexive and rhythmic motor acts, the neural …

A shift in motivational state often produces behavioral change, but the underlying
mechanisms are poorly understood. In the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, feeding …

Many central pattern generator (CPG)-mediated behaviors are episodic, meaning that they
are not continuously ongoing; instead, there are pauses between bouts of activity. This …

In the isolated CNS, different modulatory inputs can enable one motor network to generate
multiple output patterns. Thus far, however, few studies have established whether different …

Feedforward loops (FFLs) are one of many network motifs identified in a variety of complex
networks, but their functional role in neural networks is not well understood. We provide …

Motivated behaviors comprise appetitive actions whose occurrence results partly from an
internally driven incentive to act. Such impulsive behavior can also be regulated by external …

In Aplysia, mutually antagonistic ingestive and egestive behaviors are produced by the
same multifunctional central pattern generator (CPG) circuit. Interestingly, higher-order …

To provide a novel resource for analysis of the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, members
of the international Biomphalaria glabrata Genome Initiative (biology. unm …

In animals with large identified neurons (eg mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using
intracellular techniques1, 2, 3, 4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly …

The characteristics of central pattern generator (CPG) outputs are subject to extensive
modulation. Previous studies of neuromodulation largely focused on immediate actions of …