Highlights•Urban ecosystems are expanding worldwide with major effects on
biodiversity.•All species are embedded in various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.• …

Abstract By 2030, an additional 1.2 billion people are forecast in urban areas globally. We
review the scientific literature (n= 922 studies) to assess direct and indirect impacts of urban …

Rapid urban expansion has profound impacts on global biodiversity through habitat
conversion, degradation, fragmentation, and species extinction. However, how future urban …

As the global urban population is poised to grow by 2.5 billion over the next 30 y, urban land
conversions are expected to be an increasingly prominent driver of habitat and biodiversity …

Forests have been undergoing through immense pressure due to the factors like human
activities; procurement of forest products and climate change which is a major factor …

Since the 1990s, recognition of urban biodiversity research has increased steadily.
Knowledge of how ecological communities respond to urban pressures can assist in …

As human density increases, biodiversity must increasingly co-exist with urbanization or face
local extinction. Tolerance of urban areas has been linked to numerous functional traits, yet …

In an era of massive biodiversity loss, the greatest conservation success story has been the
growth of protected land globally. Protected areas are the primary defense against …

Although stress is an increasing global health problem in cities, urban green spaces can
provide health benefits. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the link between …

Aim Urbanization is one of the most significant anthropogenic alterations of the surface of
the Earth and constitutes a major threat to biodiversity at the global level. Arthropods are a …