Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or
reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived …

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone mainly secreted by β cells in the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas. The hormone potentially coordinates with glucagon to modulate blood glucose …

Background: Lifestyle intervention and metformin have been shown to prevent diabetes;
however, their efficacy in preventing cardiovascular disease associated with the …

Aging and diabetes mellitus are 2 well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
During the past 50 years, there has been an dramatic increase in life expectancy with a …

Cardiovascular disease remains the principal cause of death and disability among patients
with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus exacerbates mechanisms underlying …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to
the epidemic of obesity. Individuals with T2DM are at high risk for both microvascular …

Dietary recommendations to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have
focused on reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) for more than 50 years. While the …

Background and aims The positive and negative health effects of dietary carbohydrates are
of interest to both researchers and consumers. Methods International experts on …

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder associated to elevated cardiovascular morbidity
and mortality that is not explained by hyperglycemia or traditional cardiovascular risk factors …

ESC Guidelines 3039 administrative staff and by the referees and supervisory committees of
the two organizations. It is our hope that this huge effort has generated guidelines that will …