Hypoxic-ischemic injury is a common pathological dysfunction in clinical settings.
Mitochondria are sensitive organelles that are readily damaged following ischemia and …

Mitochondria play a key role in the maintenance of neuronal function by continuously
providing energy. Here, we will give a detailed review about the recent developments in …

Background: ERK5 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5) is a dual kinase transcription
factor containing an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal transcriptional activation …

Posttranslational modifications are ubiquitous regulators of cellular processes. The
regulatory role of SUMOylation, the attachment of a small ubiquitin-related modifier to a …

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat
mutation in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The mutation impacts neuronal protein homeostasis …

The 90 kDa ribosomal s6 kinases (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases consisting
of 4 RSK isoforms (RSK1-4), of which RSK1 is also designated as p90RSK. p90RSK plays …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common disease caused by many factors, including
atherosclerosis, congenital heart disease, heart failure, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. CVD …

Background and aims Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays
an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT …

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathophysiologic basis of many cardiovascular diseases. A
number of studies have shown that post-translational modification (PTM) contributes to the …

Purpose: Advanced age is the largest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration
(AMD). Sumoylation is a reversible post-translational modification that conjugates small …