Knowing phylogenetic relationships among species is fundamental for many studies in
biology. An accurate phylogenetic tree underpins our understanding of the major transitions …

Natural history collections are invaluable repositories of biological information that provide
an unrivaled record of Earth's biodiversity. Museum genomics—genomics research using …

Amplicon sequencing has revolutionized our ability to study DNA collected from
environmental samples by providing a rapid and sensitive technique for microbial …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Polymerase chain reaction conditions were established for the in vitro amplification of
eukaryotic small subunit ribosomal (16S-like) rRNA genes. Coding regions from algae …

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences have been aligned and compared in a number of living
organisms, and this approach has provided a wealth of information about phylogenetic …

Animal embryos need to specify different cell types, and the genetic functions that provide
such controls are easy to comprehend since they result in the formation of overtly …

In recent years, scientists have made remarkable progress reconstructing the animal
phylogeny. There is broad agreement regarding many deep animal relationships, including …

The arthropods constitute the most diverse animal group, but, despite their rich fossil record
and a century of study, their phylogenetic relationships remain unclear1. Taxa previously …

Nematodes are a highly diverse and very important group of multicellular animals, but their
systematics have always been volatile and are currently entering a new phase of turbulence …