The novel 2019 strain of coronavirus is a source of profound morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Compared with recent viral outbreaks, COVID-19 infection has a relatively high …

The success of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with a wide variety of malignancies
has changed the treatment paradigm in oncology. However, combination therapies with …

INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapies that target tumor-specific T cells have benefited
many cancer patients, but the clinical efficacy varies greatly among different cancer types …

In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or
inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

CD8+ T cells are important for the protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and
tumor. In the case of chronic infection or cancer, CD8+ T cells are exposed to persistent …

Mouse models have enabled breakthroughs in our understanding of the immune system, but
it has become increasingly popular to emphasize their shortcomings when translating …

Type I interferons (IFNs) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that are rapidly induced in different
cell types during viral infections. The consequences of type I IFN signalling include direct …

Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many
acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior …