Interactions connect the units of ecological systems, forming networks. Individual-based
networks characterize variation in niches among individuals within populations. These …

For hundreds of millions of years, large vertebrates (megafauna) have inhabited most of the
ecosystems on our planet. During the late Quaternary, notably during the Late P leistocene …

Bacteria frequently engage in obligate metabolic mutualisms with other microorganisms.
However, it remains generally unclear how the resulting metabolic dependencies affect the …

Microbial communities are enigmatically diverse. We propose a novel view of processes
likely affecting microbial assemblages, which could be viewed as the Great American …

The popular dual definition of lichen symbiosis is under question with recent findings of
additional microbial partners living within the lichen body. Here we compare the distribution …

Species in ecological communities build complex webs of interaction. Although revealing
the architecture of these networks is fundamental to understanding ecological and …

Many ecological systems can be represented as networks of interactions. A key feature in
these networks is their organization into modules, which are subsets of tightly connected …

The long-term coevolution of hosts and pathogens in their environment forms a complex
web of multi-scale interactions. Understanding how environmental heterogeneity affects the …

There is growing interest in understanding the functional outcomes of species interactions in
ecological networks. For many mutualistic networks, including pollination and seed …

The dynamics of ecosystem collapse are fundamental to determining how and why
biological communities change through time, as well as the potential effects of extinctions on …