Predictions of the Earth system, such as weather forecasts and climate projections, require
models informed by observations at many levels. Some methods for integrating models and …

Advances in numerical weather prediction represent a quiet revolution because they have
resulted from a steady accumulation of scientific knowledge and technological advances …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Climate projections continue to be marred by large uncertainties, which originate in
processes that need to be parameterized, such as clouds, convection, and ecosystems. But …

Abstract The Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1, the
atmospheric component of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System …

Aimed at reducing deficiencies in representing the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) in
general circulation models (GCMs), a global model evaluation project on vertical structure …

Given the slow unfolding of what may become catastrophic changes to Earth's climate, many
are understandably distraught by failures of public policy to rise to the magnitude of the …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

This third edition of Reconstructing Quaternary Environments has been completely revised
and updated to provide a new account of the history and scale of environmental changes …