To fully understand biological processes from the metabolism of a bacterium to the operation
of a human brain, it is necessary to know the three-dimensional (3D) spatial arrangement …

We describe a new implementation for the reconstruction of helical assemblies in the
empirical Bayesian framework of RELION. Our approach calculates optimal linear filters for …

Motile cilia are microtubule-based organelles that play important roles in most eukaryotes.
Although axonemal microtubules are sufficiently stable to withstand their beating motion, it …

Kinesin-1, the founding member of the kinesin superfamily of proteins, is known to use only
a subset of microtubules for transport in living cells. This biased use of microtubules is …

Existence of cellular structures with specific size raises a fundamental question in biology:
How do cells measure length? One conceptual answer to this question is by a molecular …

Helical symmetry is commonly used for building macromolecular assemblies. Helical
symmetry is naturally present in viruses and cytoskeletal filaments and also occurs during …

The BioRuby software toolkit contains a comprehensive set of free development tools and
libraries for bioinformatics and molecular biology, written in the Ruby programming …

Cilia/flagella are conserved organelles that generate fluid flow in eukaryotes. The bending
motion of flagella requires concerted activity of dynein motors. Although it has been reported …

Construction of motile cilia/flagella requires cytoplasmic preassembly of axonemal dyneins
before transport into cilia. Axonemal dyneins have various subtypes, but the roles of each …

Kinesin is an ATP‐driven microtubule (MT)‐based motor fundamental to organelle transport.
Although a number of kinesin crystal structures have been solved, the structural evidence for …