Carbohydrates are essential mediators of many processes in health and disease. They
regulate self-/non-self-discrimination, are key elements of cellular communication, cancer …

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis is a severe clinical
syndrome related to the host response to infection. The severity of infections is due to an …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), commonly known as endotoxin, is ubiquitous and the most-
studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern. A component of Gram-negative bacteria …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent
of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and remains a major public …

Exosomes, nano‐sized secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), are actively studied for their
diagnostic and therapeutic potential. In particular, exosomes secreted by dendritic cells (DC …

Saponin adjuvants have been extensively studied for their use in veterinary and human
vaccines. Among them, QS-21 stands out owing to its unique profile of immunostimulating …

The dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-
SIGN) is a type II C-type lectin whose expression is restricted to the most potent antigen …

Recognition of microorganisms by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is the primary
component of innate immunity that is responsible for the maintenance of host–microbial …

Adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems are used widely to improve the efficacy of vaccines.
Their primary roles are to protect antigen from degradation and allow its delivery and uptake …

Fungi are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised patients and are
responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths every year. The antifungal innate immune …