Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile multiprotein nanomachines spanning the
entire cell envelope in Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. They play important …

Phagocytosis is a fundamental process of cells to capture and ingest foreign particles. Small
unicellular organisms such as free-living amoeba use this process to acquire food. In …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of the innate immune response
against intracellular bacteria and it is thought that professional phagocytes generate ROS …

There is still a low level of clinical awareness regarding Legionnaires' disease 25 years after
it was first detected. The causative agents, legionellae, are freshwater bacteria with a …

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae that inhabit a variety of air, soil, and water
environments. However, these amebae can also act as opportunistic as well as …

Infection by the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila relies on the translocation of∼
300 virulence proteins, termed effectors, which manipulate host cell processes. However …

Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms
have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms …

Bacteria of the genus Legionella are natural pathogens of amoebae that can cause a severe
pneumonia in humans called Legionnaires' Disease. Human disease results from inhalation …

Bacterial pathogens employ a number of genetic strategies to cause infection and,
occasionally, disease in their hosts. Many of these virulence factors and their regulatory …

The genus Legionella contains more than 50 species, of which at least 24 have been
associated with human infection. The best-characterized member of the genus, Legionella …