Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

Early research on the four microbial rhodopsins discovered in the archaeal Halobacterium
salinarum revealed a structural template that served as a scaffold for two different functions …

The naturally occurring channelrhodopsin variant anion channelrhodopsin-1 (ACR1),
discovered in the cryptophyte algae Guillardia theta, exhibits large light-gated anion …

Natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) discovered in the cryptophyte alga Guillardia theta
generate large hyperpolarizing currents at membrane potentials above the Nernst …

Both designed and natural anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (dACRs and nACRs,
respectively) have been widely applied in optogenetics (enabling selective inhibition of …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic
tools for manipulating neuronal activity. ChRs desensitize under continuous bright-light …

Cation and anion channelrhodopsins (CCRs and ACRs, respectively) from phototactic algae
have become widely used as genetically encoded molecular tools to control cell membrane …

Channelrhodopsins with red-shifted absorption, rare in nature, are highly desired for
optogenetics because light of longer wavelengths more deeply penetrates biological tissue …

The first microbial rhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin from
Halobacterium salinarum (Hs BR), was discovered in 1971. Since then, this seven-α-helical …

The anion channelrhodopsin Gt ACR1 from the alga Guillardia theta is a potent neuron-
inhibiting optogenetics tool. Presented here, its X-ray structure at 2.9 Å reveals a tunnel …