Periodontal diseases usually refer to common inflammatory disorders known as gingivitis
and periodontitis, which are caused by a pathogenic microbiota in the subgingival biofilm …

Introduction Protective and destructive immunoreactions take place simultaneously in apical
periodontitis. However, the same reactions defending the periapical area from infection …

In periodontal diseases, inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and tumor
necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), may promote the degeneration of inflamed periodontal tissues. In …

Objectives This review article discusses the host response in apical periodontitis with the
main focus on cytokines, produced under this pathological condition and contributing to the …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders. DM is characterized
by hyperglycaemia, resulting in wound healing difficulties and systemic and oral …

Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines are important for the pathogenesis of
periapical lesions. However, little is known about how their functions are balanced and …

Previous studies demonstrate that the balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory
mediators determines the stable or progressive nature of periapical granulomas by …

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble secreted protein and a decoy receptor, which inhibits a
receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)/the receptor activator of NF …

Introduction: Periapical chronic lesion formation involves activation of the immune response
and alveolar bone resorption around the tooth apex. However, the overall roles of T helper …

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are
expressed in apical periodontitis, suggesting a role for these molecules during lesion …