The mammalian retina consists of neurons of> 60 distinct types, each playing a specific role
in processing visual images. They are arranged in three main stages. The first decomposes …

Retinal bipolar cells are the first'projection neurons' of the vertebrate visual system—all of
the information needed for vision is relayed by this intraretinal connection. Each of the at …

The retina, like many other central nervous system structures, contains a huge diversity of
neuronal types. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 distinct cell types, each with a …

It is widely recognized that the neural basis of brain function can be fully understood only by
integrating many disciplines at many levels. Studies of synaptic organization are bringing …

Our eyes send different'images' of the outside world to the brain—an image of contours (line
drawing), a colour image (watercolour painting) or an image of moving objects (movie). This …

Genetically encoded optical neuromodulators create an opportunity for circuit-specific
intervention in neurological diseases. One of the diseases most amenable to this approach …

The retina extracts visual features for transmission to the brain. Different types of bipolar cell
split the photoreceptor input into parallel channels and provide the excitatory drive for …

Unlike cone photoreceptors, whose light responses have a uniform time course, retinal
ganglion cells are tuned to respond to different temporal components in a changing visual …

In the course of evolution, animals have obtained the capacity to perceive and encode their
environment via the development of sensory systems such as touch, olfaction, audition, and …

Sensory neurons with short conduction distances can use nonregenerative, graded
potentials to modulate transmitter release continuously. This mechanism can transmit …