Police are required to understand and effectively operate in a complex social, political, and
organizational environment. There is increased demand for accountability from and within …

The current study provides a thorough content analysis of use of force studies published in
peer-reviewed journals between 1995 and 2008. The most commonly used explanatory …

Research Summary We analyzed 990 police fatal shootings using data compiled by The
Washington Post in 2015. After first providing a basic descriptive analysis of these shootings …

Police culture has been widely criticized as a source of resistance to change and reform,
and is often misunderstood. This book seeks to capture the heart of police culture—including …

This study analyzes 131 police–citizen interactions observed during Fall 2016 and coded
through systematic social observation. We assessed how often officers use de-escalation …

Whenever police officers come into contact with citizens there is a chance that the encounter
will digress to one in which force is used on a suspect. Fortunately, most police activities do …

Policing in America, Ninth Edition, provides a thorough analysis of the key issues in policing
today, and offers an issues-oriented discussion focusing on critical concerns such as …

Traditional police culture (TPC) is a set of attitudes and values, developed as co**
mechanisms for police work's unique and inherent strains, that fosters distrust toward, and …

Accountability is a vital element of American policing. Both individual officers and law
enforcement agencies should be held to account for their actions. Effective accountability …

Abstract How has Black Lives Matter (BLM) influenced police lethal force? An event study
design finds census places with early BLM protests experienced a 10% to 15% decrease in …