Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

The cloning of a G protein-coupled extracellular Ca2+ (Cao 2+)-sensing receptor (CaR) has
elucidated the molecular basis for many of the previously recognized effects of Cao 2+ on …

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Using both confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and biochemical approaches, we
have examined the role of β-arrestins in the activation and targeting of extracellular signal …

Recently, a requirement for β-arrestin–mediated endocytosis in the activation of extracellular
signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) by several G protein–coupled receptors …

Homeostasis of multicellular organisms is critically dependent on the correct interpretation of
the plethora of signals which cells are exposed to during their lifespan. Various soluble …

The seven-membrane-spanning angiotensin II type 1A receptor activates the mitogen-
activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) by distinct …

Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix and with neighboring cells profoundly
influence a variety of signaling events including those involved in mitogenesis, survival, and …

Abstract Background and Rationale The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has
been implicated as a critical component of the stress response. Stress-induced activation of …

Gβγ subunits from heterotrimeric G proteins perform a vast array of functions in cells with
respect to signaling, often independently as well as in concert with Gα subunits. However …