The size and arrangement of fibres play a determinate role in the kinetic and energetic
performance of muscles. Extrapolations between fibre architecture and performance …

Here, we review the modern interface of three-dimensional (3D) empirical (eg motion
capture) and theoretical (eg modelling and simulation) approaches to the study of terrestrial …

Among terrestrial mammals, the largest, the 3 tonne African elephant, is one-million times
heavier than the smallest, the 3 g pygmy shrew. Body mass is the most obvious and …

The sprawling–parasagittal postural shift was a major transition during synapsid evolution,
underpinned by reorganization of the forelimb, and considered key to mammalian ecological …

Archosauria diversified throughout the Triassic Period before experiencing two mass
extinctions near its end∼ 201 Mya, leaving only the crocodile-lineage (Crocodylomorpha) …

Introduction: The accuracy of musculoskeletal models and simulations as methods for
predicting muscle functional outputs is always improving. However, even the most complex …

In evolutionary biomechanics, musculoskeletal computer models of extant and extinct taxa
are often used to estimate joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle moment arms (MMAs) …

The contractile elements in skeletal muscle fibers operate in series with elastic elements,
tendons and potentially aponeuroses, in muscle–tendon units (MTUs). Elastic strain energy …

Terrestrial animals not only need to walk and run but also lie prone to rest and then stand
up. Sit-to-stand (STS) and sit-to-walk (STW) transitions are vital behaviours little studied in …

The morphological features of fossorial animals have continuously evolved in response to
the demands of survival. However, existing methods for animal burrowing mechanics are not …