Of the ions involved in the intricate workings of the heart, calcium is considered perhaps the
most important. It is crucial to the very process that enables the chambers of the heart to …

Taskén, Kjetil, and Einar Martin Aandahl. Localized Effects of cAMP Mediated by Distinct
Routes of Protein Kinase A. Physiol Rev 84: 137–167, 2004; 10.1152/physrev. 00021.2003 …

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a gut incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion,
also activates antiapoptotic signaling pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase and …

Phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of evolutionary conserved lipid kinases that
mediate many cellular responses in both physiologic and pathophysiologic states. Class I …

A current challenge in cellular signaling is to decipher the complex intracellular
spatiotemporal organization that any given cell type has developed to discriminate among …

Natriuretic peptides (NPs), including atrial, brain and C‐type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP
and CNP), bind two classes of cell surface receptors: the guanylyl cyclase‐linked A and B …

Cardioprotective mechanisms such as acute or early preconditioning activate several
primary signaling pathways that seem to converge on mitochondrial targets, leading to …

Background To maintain the balance between the demand of the body and supply (cardiac
output), cardiac performance is tightly regulated via the parasympathetic and sympathetic …

Prolonged exercise induces cardiovascular drift, which is characterized by decreasing mean
arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume and heart rate increase. Cardiovascular drift has …

Nitric oxide, which is produced endogenously within cardiac myocytes by three distinct
isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, is a key regulator of myocardial function. This review will …