The concept of feedback is key in assessing whether a perturbation to a system is amplified
or damped by mechanisms internal to the system. In polar regions, climate dynamics are …

The Arctic is a region in transformation. Warming in the region has been amplified, as
expected from ice‐albedo feedback effects, with the rate of warming observed to be∼ …

Following over 3 decades of gradual but uneven increases in sea ice coverage, the yearly
average Antarctic sea ice extents reached a record high of 12.8× 106 km2 in 2014, followed …

Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black
carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties …

The perennial ice area was drastically reduced to 38% of its climatological average in 2007
but recovered slightly in 2008, 2009, and 2010 with the areas being 10%, 24%, and 11 …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

The multi-channel satellite passive-microwave record of Earth's sea ice coverage, extending
back to the late 1970s, has long revealed declining sea ice coverage in the Arctic but …

In sharp contrast to the decreasing sea ice coverage of the Arctic, in the Antarctic the sea ice
cover has, on average, expanded since the late 1970s. More specifically, satellite passive …

Recent progress in sea ice concentration remote sensing by satellite microwave radiometers
has been stimulated by two developments: First, the new sensor Advanced Microwave …

The standard model for sea ice dynamics treats the ice pack as a visco–plastic material that
flows plastically under typical stress conditions but behaves as a linear viscous fluid where …