Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV)
is one of the most economically important diseases, that has significantly impacted the …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV)
was reported in the late 1980s. PRRS still is a huge economic concern to the global pig …

Usage of sequential codon-pairs is non-random and unique to each species. Codon-pair
bias is related to but clearly distinct from individual codon usage bias. Codon-pair bias is …

Mutating RNA virus genomes to alter codon pair (CP) frequencies and reduce translation
efficiency has been advocated as a method to generate safe, attenuated virus vaccines …

Previously, we demonstrated that frequencies of CpG and UpA dinucleotides profoundly
influence the replication ability of echovirus 7 (Tulloch et al., 2014). Here, we show that that …

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during the large epidemics in the Americas is related to congenital
abnormities or fetal demise. To date, there is no vaccine, antiviral drug, or other modality …

Synthetic genome recoding is a novel method of generating viruses with altered
phenotypes, whereby many synonymous mutations are introduced into the protein coding …

Virus infection of mammalian cells triggers host innate immune responses to restrict viral
replication and induces adaptive immunity for viral elimination. In order to survive and …

Attenuated, live viral vaccines have been extraordinarily successful in protecting against
many diseases. The main drawbacks in their development and use have been reliance on …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely
prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from …