This paper reviews research in ocean engineering over the last 50+ years with the aim to (I)
understand the technological challenges and evolution in the field,(II) investigate whether …

This article provides a synthesis of the latest observational trends and projections for the
future of the Arctic. First, the Arctic is already changing rapidly as a result of climate change …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The Arctic is rapidly warming and experiencing tremendous changes in sea ice, ocean and
terrestrial regions. Lack of long-term scientific observations makes it difficult to assess …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The Arctic sea-ice-scape is rapidly transforming. Increasing light penetration will initiate
earlier seasonal primary production. This earlier growing season may be accompanied by …

Uncertainties of climate projections are routinely assessed by considering simulations from
different models. Observations are used to evaluate models, yet there is a debate about …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the
ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …