Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different
molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have become key tools in biology, medicine and even
engineering. After their initial use to resolve viral structures at the atomic level, VLPs were …

Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials
derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and …

Cancer immunotherapies have reshaped the paradigm for cancer treatment over the past
decade. Among them, therapeutic cancer vaccines that aim to modulate antigen‐presenting …

Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess
limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and …

Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer
immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV …

The complex tumor microenvironment is a most important factor in cancer development. The
biological microenvironment is composed of a variety of barriers including the extracellular …

Vaccines need to be rationally designed in order be delivered to the immune system for
maximizing induction of dynamic immune responses. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) are ideal …

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a non-enveloped plant virus, and empty CPMV (eCPMV), a
virus-like particle (VLP) composed of CPMV capsid without nucleic acids, are potent in situ …

Active immunotherapy of cancer aims to treat the disease by inducing effective cellular and
humoral immune responses. Virus‐like particle‐based vaccines have evolved dramatically …