Localized or topical administration of drugs may be considered as a potential approach for
overcoming the problems caused by the various biological barriers encountered in drug …

Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by
the blood–retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic …

The increasing prevalence of neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer
disease and schizophrenia, necessitates the development of new research tools to …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder characterized by inner blood-retinal
barrier (iBRB) breakdown and irreversible vision loss. While the symptoms of DR are known …

Posterior eye disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy,
and glaucoma, have a significant impact on human quality of life and are the primary cause …

Recent years have seen the creation and popularization of various complex in vitro models
(CIVMs), such as organoids and organs-on-chip, as a technology with the potential to …

The human brain is a complex organ composed of many different types of cells
interconnected to create an organized system able to efficiently process information …

The complexity of the human brain creates significant, almost insurmountable challenges for
neurological drug development. Advanced in vitro platforms are increasingly enabling …

Tissue barriers in a body, well known as tissue-to-tissue interfaces represented by
endothelium of the blood vessels or epithelium of organs, are essential for maintaining …

Retinal cells within neurovascular units generate the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) to regulate
the local retinal microenvironment and to limit access to inflammatory cells. Breakdown of …