Neurotransmitters serve as chemical messengers playing a crucial role in information
processing throughout the nervous system, and are essential for healthy physiological and …

Psychiatric disorders encompass complex aberrations of cognition and affect and are
among the most debilitating and poorly understood of any medical condition. Current …

Sequential decision making, commonly formalized as Markov Decision Process (MDP)
optimization, is an important challenge in artificial intelligence. Two key approaches to this …

There is and has been a fruitful flow of concepts and ideas between studies of learning in
biological and artificial systems. Much early work that led to the development of …

To make decisions, animals must evaluate candidate choices by accessing memories of
relevant experiences. Yet little is known about which experiences are considered or ignored …

Humans and animals are capable of evaluating actions by considering their long-run future
rewards through a process described using model-based reinforcement learning (RL) …

Rationalization occurs when a person has performed an action and then concocts the
beliefs and desires that would have made it rational. Then, people often adjust their own …

Associative learning is driven by prediction errors. Dopamine transients correlate with these
errors, which current interpretations limit to endowing cues with a scalar quantity reflecting …

In light of the clinical evidence implicating dopamine in schizophrenia and the prominent
hypotheses put forth regarding alterations in dopaminergic transmission in this disease …

Importance Abnormal reward processing is suggested to underlie the formation of psychotic
symptoms, likely driven by elevated ventral striatal (VS) dopamine levels. Functional …