The free radicals along with several reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen
species (RNS) are known to play a dual role in the biological living system which carries a …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced in all aerobic life forms
under both physiological and adverse conditions. Unregulated ROS/NO generation causes …

Since 1999, various forward-and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200
genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries …

Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root–soil interface, that can
invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between …

Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that
governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) association increases plant stress tolerance. This study
aimed to determine the mitigation effect of AMF on the growth and metabolic changes of …

Plants serve as host to numerous microorganisms. The members of these microbial
communities interact among each other and with the plant, and there is increasing evidence …

Rhizobium‐induced root nodules are specialized organs for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Indeterminate‐type nodules are formed from an apical meristem and exhibit a spatial …

New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium–legume
infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely …

Medicago truncatula is a model legume species that has been studied for decades to
understand the symbiotic relationship between legumes and soil bacteria collectively named …