Females and males differ in the energy consumption and nutritional requirements which are
based on the interactions between environmental factors and sex hormones (1). The studies …

Both sex (ie, biological differences) and gender (ie, social or cultural influences) impact
vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children …

Do men die young and sick, or do women live long and healthy? By trying to explain the
sexual dimorphism in life expectancy, both biological and environmental aspects are …

The effects of sex hormones on immune function have received much attention, especially
following the proposal of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Many studies, both …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces sha** the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

Background Infectious disease incidence is often male-biased. Two main hypotheses have
been proposed to explain this observation. The physiological hypothesis (PH) emphasizes …

Background Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rapidly progressive and often
fatal condition caused by the free-living ameba Naegleria fowleri. To estimate the global …

Reptiles are ectothermic amniotes, providing the key link between ectothermic anamniotic
fishes and amphibians, and endothermic amniotic birds and mammals. A greater …

An exploration of how the unconscious is formed and functions by one of our most renowned
experts on emotion and the brain. This book traces the evolution of the concept of the …